-radioactivity, from uranium + phosphorescence, named because it takes a bit later to discover additional such elements
-kills Atomic theory > Billiard ball (Dalton) model further, as this means it must be some energy emitted by atoms
-Univ of Berlin scientists look into Berkowski rays from 1862 onwards
-in 1864 discovery of rays from uranium
-emitter made in 1865
-Karl Koenig discovers its rays consist of positive surface, flache [alpha]rays and negative penetrating dringen [beta]rays from uranium, discover positive stopped easily, negative by more
-seen that flache particles become very fuzzy if fired through a thin slice of mica
-conclusion is that atoms must contain some very powerful electric forces
-soon after Koenig determined dringen can be deflected magnetically, as with contemporaneous discovery of exodal wave (Electrodynamics > ^083a02)
-and his gold foil experiment with them in 1868 shows diffusion
-concluded they are not only waves, but exodal waves (or at least v. related)
-and measured with electrometer, seen that dringen rays have electric attributes
-perhaps even relevant part of electricity, merges with exodal wave controversy
-analysis of flache rays, regarded that they slow down when they hit stuff
-conclusion is that this is a corpuscle, and indeed deflectable like [ion]
-someone else discovers even more penetrating durch [gamma]particle in 1867
-discovered eventually that it is form of light, used in medicine
-conclusion is that flache waves are somehow part of atom, strengthens vortex atomic theory
-and that they are a wave, clearly distinct from light, inspires frenzy about relationship b/w light and electrodynamism
-and that flache cules are elements of something sitting in center of atomic vortex
-gold foil experiment in 1868, with most of them going through atom and a few going back
-results in Atomic theory > Koric vortex (Koenig) model